Good

Thursday, March 29, 2018

Pharmacology,,,,

Journal of pharmacology,,,

                            Pharmacology is the branch of science worried about the investigation of medication action,where a medication can be comprehensively characterized as any man-made, common, or endogenous (from inside body) atom which applies a biochemical or physiological impact on the cell, tissue, organ, or living being (once in a while the word pharmacon is utilized as a term to incorporate these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species). All the more particularly, it is the investigation of the communications that happen between a living life form and chemicals that influence typical or unusual biochemical capacity. In the event that substances have restorative properties, they are thought about pharmaceuticals. 

The field includes tranquilize organization and properties, union and medication outline, atomic and cell instruments, organ/frameworks systems, flag transduction/cell correspondence, sub-atomic diagnostics, connections, toxicology, substance science, treatment, and medicinal applications and antipathogenic abilities. The two fundamental regions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics ponders the impacts of a medication on natural frameworks, and Pharmacokinetics thinks about the impacts of organic frameworks on a medication. In wide terms, pharmacodynamics examines the chemicals with organic receptors, and pharmacokinetics talks about the retention, appropriation, digestion, and discharge (ADME) of chemicals from the natural frameworks. Pharmacology isn't synonymous with drug store and the two terms are as often as possible confounded. Pharmacology, a biomedical science, manages the exploration, revelation, and portrayal of chemicals which demonstrate natural impacts and the clarification of cell and organismal capacity in connection to these chemicals. Interestingly, drug store, a wellbeing administrations calling, is worried about use of the standards gained from pharmacology in its clinical settings; regardless of whether it be in an apportioning or clinical care part. In either field, the essential differentiation between the two are their refinements between coordinate patient care, for drug store rehearse, and the science-situated research field, driven by pharmacology. 

The starting points of clinical pharmacology go back to the Middle Ages in Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas. Clinical pharmacology owes quite a bit of its establishment to crafted by William Withering. Pharmacology as a logical train did not further progress until the mid-nineteenth century in the midst of the immense biomedical resurgence of that period. Before the second 50% of the nineteenth century, the striking intensity and specificity of the activities of medications, for example, morphine, quinine and digitalis were clarified ambiguously and with reference to uncommon substance forces and affinities to specific organs or tissues. The main pharmacology office was set up by Rudolf Buchheim in 1847, in acknowledgment of the need to see how restorative medications and toxins created their effects.

Early pharmacologists concentrated on regular substances, for the most part plant removes. Pharmacology created in the nineteenth century as a biomedical science that connected the standards of logical experimentation to remedial contexts.Today pharmacologists utilize hereditary qualities, atomic science, science, and other propelled devices to change data about sub-atomic systems and focuses into treatments coordinated against ailment, imperfections or pathogens, and make techniques for protection care, diagnostics, and eventually customized drug.

Friday, March 2, 2018

McAfee Internet Security : A Comprehensive Security Solution for Computers


With the digital world increasingly becoming an easy platform to hackers and data thieves to break in to users' computers and smart gadgets to steal their personal and confidential data, several companies have begun to offer cult, easy-to-use, yet comprehensive security solutions that not only block malicious software from entering their computers in real time but also protect their data from being damaged.
McAfee is one among such companies which has been successfully delivering tailor-made, advanced, and comprehensive security solutions to customers to help them stay protected and keep pace with the technology without being cheated and dodged by the term 'technology'. McAfee security solutions are widely used across the world by computer users due to their proven and enhanced security, reliability, customizability, and user-friendliness.
McAfee Internet Security 2013 is one of these comprehensive security solutions that add to the huge arsenal of McAfee's security suites. McAfee Internet Security 2013 is the successor of McAfee Internet Security 2012, which is an antivirus program for computers and smart gadgets. If you are thinking that McAfee Internet Security 2013 is an upcoming version of the 2012 version, then it's not. The 2013 version is already out for purchase and use (8th October 2012).
Users can buy their copies of McAfee Internet Security 2013 from the McAfee website and install it on their computers. The method of installation is rather fast and easy. Here in this post, I'll do a quick round-up of the comprehensive security features in the 2013 version to help users know what these are.
Real-time Virus, Spyware and Malware Protection-
In vogue and will always be, online shopping has become viral. Nearly 25-30% of the worldwide population is plagued by the fever of online shopping. People prefer to shop online rather queue up in grocery & retail stores. They prefer to bank online, pay bills, send medical diagnosis reports and consult with docs online, book travel tickets and do lot more. If all goes well, people may even begin to vote online to choose their favorite candidates. Our world is more digital and simplified now. However, in this simplicity lies a great and never-ending risk of your data being infected.
With a tremendous rise in the online shopping and purchases, the chances of online intrusions, data thefts, and attacks have also increased by three-fold. These infections and threats can permanently mar your experience with computers and the Internet. Thus it has become absolutely vital to keep your computer and the valuable digital possessions safe.
McAfee Internet Security 2013 brings you an all-in-one security solution that integrates the excellence and powers of three complete anti-virus, anti-spyware, and anti-malware solutions. You can say it's a three-in-one solution which builds 3 security layers around your computer to help keep it safe from all types of infections viz. viruses, spyware, and malware. Thus, you need not buy an additional anti-spyware or anti-malware to keep your computer protected from spyware, malware, Trojans, bots, rootkits, and worms among other infections. It's secured as well as big time cost-effective.
Real-time Protection-
Understanding the need for dealing with real-time threats, the 2013 integrates McAfee Active Protection™, a real-time protection technique that keeps an eye on the content being viewed by you. If the program finds anything suspicious and risky, it blocks it in real time, ensuring a care-free, worry-free and safe experience.
Dual-Firewall -
The 2013 version has a two-way firewall which monitors the incoming and outgoing traffic back and forth from your computer and blocks hackers and unauthorized users in your neighborhood from breaking into your network. Thus it helps makes sure that your stay protected forever.
Anti-bot Protection-
McAfee Internet Security 2013 has an excellent Anti-bot Protection technique which blocks malicious botnet software from breaking your computer's security shield. The program blocks attempts of botnet software to connect to your computer. Thus, it creates an extra security layer around your computer and prevents it from transmitting your personal & confidential information over the Internet.
Safe Online Searching and Shopping-
As we discussed about the growing numbers of online shoppers in the first section, it has become really important to keep safe when searching and surfing the web and also while shopping. When you input your query in a search engine and when you visit a particular website from the search results, you never actually beforehand know whether the site you are visiting is actually safe for searching and shopping or not. If the site you are visiting is malicious, you know what can happen to you. The new McAfee program sidelines the method of hit and trial. When you search for a query, it displays color-coded notifications before each search result. Thus click a search result, you will know whether or not to visit its website.
Removable Drive Scan -
Understanding the huge importance and functionality of USB and other removable drives in the lives of users as well as the risks associated with their use, McAfee Internet Security 2013 incorporates the removable media scan feature. So you can scan thumb drives, USB devices, and other portable media before you actually begin to use them. As you know that these drives can be easily infected during travels, by sharing with other people, or by plugging into the infected computers, thus scanning them before use will help protect your computer and data from being infected.
Anti-Spam -
Emails are considered to be the largest carrier of virus, malware infections. Users can easily be targeted by spam emails as they would not know whether or not to open them. Once they open spam emails, they get infected. Knowing this fact, the new McAfee protection incorporates an Anti-Spam filter which filters out spam emails from your Inbox and lets you stay protected.
Parental Control -
Do not put restrictions on your kids; let them freely search the World Wide Web (the Internet). Wait! I am not recommending this. It's the McAfee 2013 version which has the Parental Controls feature to let you kids safely search, work, and play online without giving them an opportunity view inappropriate, adult, and obnoxious content. It keeps your kids going and you worry free.
Surfing Report -
You might like to know who went online behind your back and did what at what time. The 2013 edition has a proper track of every single thing. You can get details about the login times, total online time, and attempts to access the restricted sites. The program thus keeps you worry-free by keeping track of everything.
Online Data Backup-
Cloud storage is everywhere. The growing importance of cloud storage has given McAfee a reason to offer users something different that keeps pace with the technology. Thus the new McAfee version integrates cloud storage, a.k.a online data backup with 1GB capacity. Users can now online backup 1GB of data on the McAfee server and protect their valuable digital memories from being damaged and lost.
Additional Features-
McAfee Internet Security 2013 has several additional features which add to the life and performance of your computer. These features include Digital Data Shredder, PC Tune-up, Pre-Install Scan, Fast Start-up & Scan times, and Real-time Safeguards. These features make sure that your computer performs without hitch and glitch.


The Author of this article is associated with V tech-squad Inc, V tech-squad Inc.is a cloud based technical support provider to consumers and small businesses. if you have any problem while performing the above steps and need technical assistance for McAfee technical support, You can reach V tech-squad online technical support at their Toll Free No +1-877-452-9201.
About V tech-squad Inc.
V tech-squad, Inc. is the leading third-party service provider of certified online technical support services. Our Microsoft-certified technicians not only resolve virus/spyware removal issues but also educate you how to avoid your PC from future interaction with any type of worm, virus, or Trojan etc. Our top-class services include Microsoft product support, antivirus issues, malware issues, spyware issues, wireless router issues, printer issues, and non-computer devices etc.


How to Buy McAfee Antivirus Online

Before we begin with the how-to procedure, let's understand why we even feel the need of purchasing not just McAfee antivirus software but anything online. The internet is the foremost, essential, and on-the-go part of our lives. We essentially save a great deal of time by making online transactions for utility bill payments, shopping, and banking/credit card payments etc. other than the usual things such as emailing, browsing, social networking, advertising, and business among other purposes.
The internet has given us the anytime, anywhere freedom. We necessarily need not be physically presented at a shopping complex, a computer repair center, a computer retail shop, or a municipal government office to inquire about something, purchase, or transact with them. We can simply do it by visiting their website. We can necessarily utilize that time to do other multiple tasks that demand equal attention.
Thus you can understand how important and crucial time-saving is, at least for time-bound things of our life. You also as a consumer, professional, or businessman might have deadlines to meet for which, you of course have to save or rather steal time from other tasks. Buying an antivirus online is one among those tasks that spare you time for other time-bound ones and save money as well that would necessarily be spent going to a computer retail shop.
You can purchase McAfee antivirus from the official McAfee website or a McAfee-authorized one. Whenever, you decide to get McAfee protection on your computer, Google out your options. There are various online McAfee antivirus providers like the official McAfee website, antiviruscloud.net, and CNET etc. Visit any website and look for your McAfee antivirus product. There will be many options like McAfee SaaS Endpoint Protection, McAfee AntiVirus Plus, McAfee Total Protection, and McAfee Internet Security among others.
Review the features and system requirements of your McAfee antivirus protection if you want to and check the price as well to see if it fits into your pocket or not. When done, click the Buy Now button and fill in the required details like email address and the mode of payment as well. When the transaction has completed, note down your order details (if there are any) like the number of licenses and product key etc. In another tab of your browser, open your email account and check whether you have received a download link or not.
If there is one in your inbox, click to open the email and then click on the download link. Take a printout of the manual and set of instructions
as well to avoid making mistakes during the installation procedure. When prompted, save the downloaded file to your computer. Thereafter, navigate to the directory where the file is saved and open it from there. You will be greeted by the McAfee antivirus setup wizard. Click the Next button and follow rest of the on-screen instructions. Fill in the desired information like email address, product key etc., and then proceed to finish.
When prompted, restart your computer. When the computer has rebooted, you will find a McAfee antivirus icon on your Desktop. If you don't see it on Desktop, click on the Start menu and go to Programs (Windows 7/Vista) or All Programs (Windows XP). You will find McAfee antivirus there. Right-click on the program and create a shortcut icon on Desktop and you are done. Open the program, update it, and then launch a full virus scan if you really need to scan your computer for infections.
If you bought more than one user license for McAfee antivirus, install it on your other computer too. Follow the same procedure and complete the installation. If at any time you face trouble that you cannot fix yourself, call online McAfee support or McAfee technical support and get it fixed.
The Author of this article is associated with V tech-squad Inc, V tech-squad Inc. is a cloud based technical support provider to consumers and small businesses. if you have any problem while performing the above steps and need technical assistance for McAfee support, You can reach V tech-squad online technical support at their Toll Free No +1-877-452-9201.
About V tech-squad Inc.
V tech-squad Inc. is a cloud based online technical support provider to consumers and small businesses. V tech-squad provides support to users for issues with their PCs, Mac's, Tablets, Phones such as iPhone and Blackberry and devices such as MP3 players, Printers, Scanners, Fax, Wireless networking gear, Netflix, Roku boxes and TVs. With an obsessive focus on quality and building technical expertise, V tech-squad continues to maintain an issue resolution rate of more than 90%. V tech-squad's credibility has been tested by more than 10,000 customers. Currently V tech-squad provides support services to consumers and small businesses in United States. For more information on V tech-squad, Inc. visit vtechsquad.com.

mcafee the antivirus



There may be a reason for you to decide to uninstall your McAfee antivirus software. So, if you have already to do the removal job, do it in a proper way. Considering that you need to know the right procedure, I have brought you a free McAfee antivirus support guide. This guide will walk you through the removal procedure step-by-step and help you easily remove the McAfee program. Just make sure that you follow the procedure properly to avoid facing McAfee antivirus problems.
Procedure:


Click the Start menu and go to Control Panel. When in the Control Panel window, look for Add or Remove Programs and double-click to open it. When in Add or Remove Programs, look for the McAfee Security Center program. Click to select it and then hit the Change/Remove button on the right hand site. If prompted, confirm the action. Remember that you must be logged in as an administrator to the computer to do uninstall.
Failing to which will not let you take it off your computer. When the McAfee SecurityCenter window comes up, make sure that all the components viz. VirusScan, Personal Firewall, and SiteAdvisor etc. are checked. Click the Remove button to begin the process. Hit Remove again when you see the McAfee warning message. Wait for the process to complete. It may take some time, so be patient. When done and prompted, reboot your computer.
If you are a Windows 7/Vista user, go to Control Panel from the Start menu and click the Uninstall a program link under Programs. You will be in the Programs and Features window. Alternatively, you can type 'programs and features' (without quotes) in the Start Search bar to get in this window. Look for McAfee Security Center (or anything similar like McAfee VirusScan Enterprise depending on the McAfee version you are using), select it, and then click the Uninstall/Change button.
If prompted, confirm the action. Verify that all the McAfee components are checked. Hit the Remove button. Hit Remove again when the warning message appears. Wait for all the components to remove fully. Do not close or stop the process meanwhile as it can lead to other McAfee antivirus problems. Reboot your computer when prompted. The McAfee program should be uninstalled from your computer. In case, you see a message that McAfee did not remove successfully, download and install the McAfee Consumer Product Removal Tool (MCPR.exe).
Open your web browser, type 'download MCPR.exe' (without quotes) in your search engine's search bar (Google or Bing etc.), and hit the Enter key on the keyboard. You will a number of sites offering MCPR.exe download in the search results. You can download it from any trusted website like Softpedia or CNET. Click the Save File button to save the downloaded file. If prompted, choose a place where you want to save it. When done, look for the file and double-click to open it.
Hit the Run button when prompted. Wait for the program to look for and extract all the McAfee files. Hit the Next button on the McAfee Software Removal window. Click to the check the Agree button to accept the End User License Agreement and hit the Next button. If prompted, type the Security Authentication code and then hit the Next button. Remember, the code is case sensitive. So type the capital and small letters as is. Hit the Next button to continue.
The McAfee software removal procedure will begin. It may take some time, so do not close or terminate the procedure. When successfully removed, you will see a McAfee successful cleanup message. Otherwise, you will see an Incomplete Uninstallation or Unsuccessful message. Click the View Logs button to check the details of the leftover files. These files will open up in a Windows Notepad. Press the Ctrl + S keys together to save this file. Give it a name like MCPR.exe or any desired name. Contact a McAfee technical support service and present this file to the McAfee agent. Let the McAfee technical support do the clean up.
Additional Tips:
If you want to manually remove the McAfee files from your computer, here is the procedure. Before you go ahead, make sure that you follow the procedure carefully to remove the files. Click on the Start button and go to My Computer. Windows 7/Vista users should go to Computer. Double click to open the Local C: drive. Navigate to Program Files in the C directory and search for McAfee files and/or folders.
Use the Windows Search tool to find those files. Press the Ctrl and F keys together to bring up the Search box. Type McAfee in the Search box and hit Enter. Select the files and/or folders and hit the Delete key on the keyboard. When done with Program Files, search in the drives C and D etc. Delete all the McAfee files. Exit all the windows.
Open Registry Editor. Click the Start menu and go to Run. Type 'regedit' (without quotes) in the Open box and hit Enter. Here I am sharing an easy method to search Registry Editor not just for McAfee entries but for any other program's entries. Use the Ctrl + F key combination to bring up the Find utility. Type 'McAfee' (without quotes) in the Find box and hit Enter. The Find tool will search throughout the registry branches and bring up the McAfee entries. Select each entry and hit the Delete button. Repeat this search and delete procedure until the Find tool exhausts all the registry branches. When done, exit Registry Editor and reboot your computer. In case of a problem, contact a McAfee product support service.
The Author of this article is associated with V tech-squad Inc, V tech-squad Inc. is a cloud based technical support provider to consumers and small businesses. if you have any problem while performing the above steps and need technical assistance for Mcafee technical support, You can reach V tech-squad online technical support at their Toll Free No +1-877-452-9201.

Plasma Life Forms - Aliens From a Parallel Earth

The Basic Plasma Metaphysics Theory in 3+1 Dimensions
According to dark plasma theory, the physical-dense Earth is gravitationally coupled to a counterpart dark matter Earth composed of low density plasma. This "sister" Earth was co-accreted with the physical-dense Earth about 4.6 billion years ago from dark matter components in the embryonic Solar System. Plasma life forms evolved on this counterpart Earth, just like it did on the visible planet. These life forms were as varied in scale, structure and intelligence as carbon-based life forms - as different as a microbe from a whale; a mosquito from a tiger; a giraffe from a crocodile; an ant from a human being. Their degrees of intelligence and awareness were as different as a centipede's awareness to the awareness and intelligence of homo sapiens. Homo sapiens evolved carbon-based bodies that formed symbiotic relationships with some of these plasma life forms (indicating a type of symbio-genesis). Some of these plasma life forms have interacted with us in the past (intentionally or unintentionally).
The entities that we have identified as ghosts, angels, demons, deities (for example the Marian apparitions in the atmosphere), aliens (associated with UFO sightings in the atmosphere), fairies, sightings of the recently deceased (on the surface of the Earth) and balls of light which appear to go through physical barriers (without contracting) are all plasma life forms from this counterpart Earth.

Properties of Bioplasma Bodies
Plasma life forms have bioplasma bodies. These are electromagnetic bodies which generate electromagnetic fields and radiate electromagnetic waves. Embedded in these bioplasma bodies are "plasma antennae" which can tune-in and receive electromagnetic waves generated by other bioplasma bodies. (Plasma antennae are actually being used today in scientific laboratories.) According to dark plasma theory, the bodies of plasma life forms that we encounter are molded by our expectations which radiate out from our own bioplasma bodies in the form of electromagnetic waves and are received by them through their embedded antennae. The nearer they come to you the better they are able to tune-in to the thought waves (i.e. electromagnetic waves which are modulated by your thoughts) you are radiating out from your bioplasma body. For example, in the Marian apparitions at Fatima (Portugal), the children saw a ball of light which resolved into a man-like angel as it got nearer to the children.
Psychokinetic effects have a much greater effect on bioplasma bodies compared to the physical-dense body. The reason for this is that the total rest mass of a bioplasma body is very much lower than the physical-dense body. The extremely low rest mass can also give bioplasma bodies a more pronounced macro-quantum effect (compared to macroscopic objects in our universe) due to the de Broglie relationship.
According to dark plasma theory, (dark matter) bioplasma bodies are composed of a complex plasma of non-standard particles. Non-standard particles are particles that are outside the physicists' Standard Model and which are included in dark matter - matter which is six times more prevalent in the known universe than ordinary matter.
Bioplasma bodies composed of non-standard particles glow in the dark, radiate heat, light and other electromagnetic waves that can be measured by our scientific instruments like radar or even infra-red cameras when ordinary matter condenses around them. They also possess other properties associated with these types of bodies. The general characteristics of plasma life forms include the following:
- They emit light (not simply reflect them)
- They are thermochromic (i.e. they change colors at different temperatures)
- They generate colorful auras and halos as high energy particles collide with them.
- They are able to change their degree of opacity - becoming transparent or translucent. Hence, they can apparently materialize and dematerialize.
- They generate electromagnetic fields and radiate electromagnetic waves.
- They are responsive to electromagnetic fields and waves and can have an electrical feel when passing through our bodies.
- They have networks of filamentary currents within their bodies.
- Double helical currents, aligned with the longer axis of their bodies may be discerned.
- They possess rotating orifices that suck in and emit high energy particles.
- They can emit beams of high energy particles from these orifices.
- Their shapes can vary (hence they can shape-shift) but the most stable shape is the ball of light.
- Shapes between a spheroid and a cylinder, ovoid or lenticular are also possible as the plasma membrane is resilient and elastic and can be stretched by the denser matter inside.
- Just like amoeba they can generate temporary limbs (like pseudopods).
- Vortexes and misty irregularly formed primitive plasma life forms also exist.
- Within the ovoid is a denser body which varies from one plasma life form to another.
- A bi-layered plasma (Langmuir) sheath encloses the ovoid.
- They are able to pass through each other in the same way that objects composed of collisionless plasma or dark matter do.
- Very low rest mass.
Some ancient cultures have described bioplasma bodies which are coupled to our carbon-based bodies as "souls". This is not surprising due to their quasi-quantum behavior, their unusual methods of transport, apparent ability to effect action at a distance; and decoupling on the death of the carbon-based body.
Should I move towards the Light?

While alien abductees see the light as threatening and are drawn to it unwillingly, near-death experiencers feel and see the light as being benevolent and wise and intentionally float towards it. As explained by dark plasma theory, the counterpart Earth is a habitat for billions of plasma life forms - many of which appear as balls of light in their natural state. The identity of the light can therefore vary from situation to situation.
Behavior of Plasma Life Forms
Behavior can vary due to the diversity of plasma life forms. Plasma life (let's say with intelligence equivalent to octopuses) may express their curiosity by coming near to see or feel objects that seem strange to them from their frame of reference. More intelligent life forms (equivalent to homo sapiens) may actually conduct experiments. Groups of plasma life forms may exhibit swarm behavior (similar to bats, birds and fishes) with synchronized movements.
Biomechanics of Plasma Life Forms
They move generally by neutralizing or reversing their electric charge and/or redistributing the electric charges in their bodies relative to the background electric field. They may also move by changing their density. Another method of active transport is by sucking in energy particles through their orifices in the direction of the motion. The suction generates a drift.
When they fall in energy sporadically and are visible to us or our scientific instruments in the lower atmosphere, fast-moving plasma life forms will generate only weak sonic booms. This is because they are composed of collisionless plasma and have a very low rest mass. Ultra-sensitive instruments in close proximity to the entity should be able to pick up the weak sonic boom.
Plasma may be considered to be collisionless when Coulomb interactions are so rare that global fields in the plasma govern the dynamics. A magnetic field endows a collisionless plasma with elastic properties analogous to those of a dense gas and so a plasma wave crossing a magnetic field behaves somewhat like an ordinary sound wave. The Earth's magnetosphere is composed almost entirely of ionized collisionless plasma and is dominated by the Earth's magnetic field. Fast moving plasma life forms would therefore be expected to generate collisionless shock waves in the magnetosphere rather than in the lower atmosphere.
Parallel Plasma Earth - The Habitat of Plasma Life Forms
The counterpart dark matter Earth, composed of low density plasma and co-rotating with our visible Earth, can effectively be considered another planet. The sporadic interactions with plasma-based beings, who may appropriately be called "aliens" (since they are, strictly speaking, from another planet - although a counterpart Earth), can be studied in a more rigorous scientific framework once our current technology improves to take into account non-standard particles. All human beings are the symbiotic products of carbon-based bodies and (alien) plasma-based bodies.
Near-death experiences, astral traveling, (genuine) alien encounters, angelic visitations, apparitions of saints or deities - both privately to individuals and to the public at large leading to mass sightings (such as the Marian apparitions or swarms of UFOs in the atmosphere) occur in this higher energy dark matter counterpart Earth and are superimposed on our more familiar Earth depending on the type of encounter (see below).
This parallel Earth is composed wholly of plasma (unlike our physical-dense Earth, which although it contains a plasmasphere, magnetosphere and ionosphere, is largely a rocky outcrop). Hence, while the biosphere of the physical-dense Earth occupies only a small volume of the Earth i.e. largely confined to plus or minus 10km from sea level (which is less than 1% of the volume of the Earth), the plasma Earth is wholly composed of plasma making it more like a gigantic plasma ocean and having a "tear-drop" shape similar to Earth's magnetosphere. The biosphere of this counterpart Earth is therefore many times larger than the physical Earth and life forms often move in all three dimensions quite extensively (i.e. like fishes in the sea, not like human beings on the surface of the Earth). There is enormous biodiversity in this oceanic plasma planet which teems with life.
Plasma objects which sporadically appear in our atmosphere are actually floating or swimming in this ocean. They are therefore able to dart back and forth (like squid, cuttlefish and octopuses) or swim majestically (like manta rays). Plasma life forms in the atmosphere have been seen at Marian apparitions, in Chinese history as dragons and other ancient civilizations (see Plasma Cosmology) and modern UFO sightings.
Types of Encounters with Plasma Life Forms
Encounters with plasma life forms can be classified as follows:
Type 1 Encounter: This is an encounter with an ordinary matter plasma life form using the cognitive-sensory system of our carbon-based body in our familiar ordinarily visible Earth.
Type 2 Encounter: This is an encounter with a dark matter plasma life form whose energy level has fallen temporarily to allow ordinary matter in our familiar ordinarily visible Earth to condense around it.
Type 3 Encounter: This is an encounter with a dark matter plasma life form using the cognitive-sensory system of our bioplasma body and takes place wholly in the plasmasphere of the counterpart Earth.
Type 4 Encounter: This is an encounter where there is a dual state of consciousness - both the cognitive-sensory systems of the carbon-based body and bioplasma body are operating. In this case, the plasma life form in the counterpart Earth is superimposed on our familiar ordinarily visible Earth.
So, why do they not land at the White House?
The SETI Institute's program objective in trying to find intelligent life outside Earth is to some extent misguided. The aliens that are most frequently encountered and that can be considered "intelligent life" do not travel at light speed within our low energy physical universe nor do they have any technology to undertake intergalactic or interstellar travel. They are co-inhabitants of the Earth system - which includes the visible Earth and its dark matter counterpart. (It is therefore not surprising that they often express concern about the health of the planet. Why would a distant extra-terrestrial civilization be so concerned about our little planet?)
Although they co-evolved with us, they are likely to have evolved at a faster rate. V N Tsytovich of the Russian Academy of Sciences argues that helical dust structures in plasma would have a "faster evolutionary rate" in his 2007 paper on plasma life forms. This is also supported by Jay Alfred's concept of "accelerated morphogenesis" of bioplasma bodies. Hence, this plasma-based civilization could be expected to be more advanced than us.
Nevertheless, despite the headstart, this civilization would also be probably struggling to understand parallel universes and may not be as capable of controlling their technology or society to the extent that we imagine. They would face difficulties in interacting with us as we do in trying to interact with them. As a civilization they would have government, political and social structures; and culture. They are likely to be superior in communications technology using bioplasma bodies since they would obviously be more familiar with these types of bodies compared to us. This includes the ability to communicate with bioplasma bodies that are coupled to our carbon-based bodies. We may interpret this as telepathy.
Based on current technology it is unlikely that the world will believe of any interactions with these aliens even if they were caught on camera talking to the President of the United States. All that would be reported in the media is the sighting of a "ghost" at the White House. (These aliens are ghost-like as they are plasma life forms, just like ghosts.) Communication would be intermittent and weak due to incompatible technology on both sides of the energy curtain separating carbon-based life forms from plasma-based life forms. Medical doctors will opine that they are hallucinations and the case will then be lumped-up with all the other "ghost stories" and shelved away. Perhaps our neighbors on "sister Earth" are quite acquainted with human nature and our feeble scientific attempts to understand them. Maybe they even fear that we will harm them with our growing technological sophistication.
Why do some people see it and some don't?

The wide range of sensory systems in the animal kingdom has already been discussed elsewhere. Unlike the bees we are not able to sense ultra-violet light nor can we hear sounds or smell what our pet dogs can hear and smell. Even within a population of human beings the sensitivity of the sensory systems can be significantly varied. It is quite obvious that even the old and young have very different sensory ranges.
Recently, a certain type of mobile phone became very popular. These phones had telephone ring tones which could only be heard by the young but not the old. The technology relies on the fact that most adults gradually lose the ability to hear high-pitched sounds when they undergo "presbycusis" or "aging ear". If there was only 1 teenager in a population of 100 persons, the rest being much older, only that teen will be able to hear the ring tone. Assuming that we are one of the 99 older persons, should we then conclude that this young person is having an auditory hallucination when he hears the ring tone? The obvious answer is "no". But this type of argument has been unashamedly and repeatedly accepted by skeptics who claim to be using the "scientific method". One skeptic says, "I will not believe it until everybody is able to see it". This is clearly ludicrous. It is a scientific fact that the sensory ranges and acuity of a population of human beings can vary significantly. Now if we bring in the fact that certain people can transfer their locus of consciousness (whether intentionally or more often unintentionally) more easily to the sensory systems of their linked bioplasma bodies, we will find even greater differences.
Dark matter objects, in (the nearest frequency) counterpart Earth, interact with ordinary matter in our visible Earth when their energy levels temporarily fall due to a variety of reasons and ordinary matter condenses around them. Often this may lead to the generation of electromagnetic fields and radiation which may be picked up by our scientific instruments or even become visible to us if the radiation falls within the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because of this, plasma metaphysics calls this type of matter in our nearest Earth counterpart "gray matter" as it straddles between ordinary and dark matter.
By switching-off relevant (and specific) brain circuits, a person may transfer his or her locus of consciousness to a bioplasma body which has the relevant sensory apparatus to be able to view the plasma life forms currently inhabiting our counterpart Earth. UFO sightings often occur when a person is taking a long car ride in a featureless area (like a desert). This provides the ideal conditions for a person to go into a meditative state and effect a transfer of consciousness to parallel bodies with different cognitive-sensory systems - landing them in our plasma-based counterpart Earth. In this type of encounter, it is not so much a case of the aliens visiting our visible Earth but it is us who are dropping-by, uninvited, an alien Earth environment.
Where did the Aliens go after I took the Medication?
Medication cuts-off awareness of alien attacks on our bioplasma bodies because it normalizes brain functions. In this case, the brain circuits that were "switched-off", allowing the locus of consciousness to be transferred to the bioplasma body which had the necessary sensory systems to view the relevant plasma life forms, had been restored and "switched-on" again. This cuts-off conscious contact with the counterpart Earth environment. The relevant brain circuits (particularly in the parietal and temporal lobes) may be switched-off physically through surgery, accidents like brain injuries, transcranial magnetic stimulation and ambient electromagnetic fields which simulates brain lesions; chemically through psychoactive or spiritual drugs; psychologically through meditation or hypnosis or during sleep.
How do they go through Walls?
The bioplasma body is composed of collisionless dark plasma (i.e. magnetic plasma in the form of dark matter). This allows it to pass through walls just as dark matter does or float through windows using electromagnetic guides. What the witnesses in alien abductions and Marian apparitions are often viewing is the counterpart Earth environment superimposed on the physical dense Earth. There is much evidence of this. Hence, only some people who have shifted their locus of consciousness to their bioplasma bodies can actually witness the abduction. A group of people who shared the same environmental conditions (for example, four people in a car being driven over a featureless desert which generates meditative conditions) may simultaneous witness the abduction. The victim's body that participates in "alien abductions" is the bioplasma body - not the physical-biochemical body which undergoes sleep paralysis during these episodes.
The environment in which this body finds itself is the plasmasphere of our sister Earth. The physics relating to this environment, although fundamentally the same as our physics (extended to higher energy levels), can be quite different from what we experience in our daily lives on the lower energy physical-dense Earth in our carbon-based bodies. It can get somewhat confusing when our perceptions oscillate between the two Earth environments due to fluctuations in our locus of consciousness and their corresponding sensory-cognitive systems - leading sometimes to a superimposed environment. This superimposition also explains why we see ball lightning apparently going through walls or other physical objects. Balls of light are common in the counterpart Earth environment.
Why is there Electromagnetic Interference?
Interference by electric and magnetic fields betray the presence of plasma life forms. In fact, electromagnetic interference, in the absence of other obvious sources, confirms that we are dealing with bioplasma bodies. Bioplasma bodies generate electromagnetic fields and radiate high frequency electromagnetic waves which are currently not measurable by our scientific instruments. However, when their energly levels fall (intentionally or unintentionally) and ordinary matter condenses around them, this ordinary matter then radiates temporarily lower frequency (stepped-down) electromagnetic waves that can be detected by our current scientific instruments such as radar and even infra-red cameras. There is much, not only UFO literature, but also ghost literature which documents electromagnetic interference which points to the presence of plasma life forms.
What about the Marks on the Body?
Conclusion
Dark plasma theory explains a wide variety of phenomena associated with genuine sightings of aliens, ghosts, deities, angels by both individuals and groups - using an internally consistent scientific framework. These sightings betray the presence of plasma-based life forms originating from a counterpart sister Earth gravitationally coupled to the visible Earth. (This hypothesis may be cited as the "Parallel Earth" hypothesis.) These terrestrial aliens (whether they be ghosts, fairies, grays, deities or angels) share common properties and may even shed light on the evolution of carbon-based life and consciousness on the Earth that we are most familiar with.
It is has been documented in the metaphysical literature that marks on the physical-biochemical body may be caused by impacts to the nearest frequency dark matter body or the "physical-etheric" bioplasma body. This is often referred to as "repercussions" in the general metaphysical literature. The body of a human being which participates in an "alien abduction" is not the physical-biochemical body but the (physical-etheric) bioplasma body. If this bioplasma body is impacted, the physical-biochemical body can be impacted - similar to what happens in many reported reincarnation cases. (Note that in the wider plasma metaphysics theory, there is a series of bioplasma bodies covering a spectrum of frequencies which fall outside the known electromagnetic spectrum. The physical-etheric body or the "Level 3" bioplasma body has the frequency closest to our carbon-based body.)

Can you get me a Plasma Gun?
The natural ability of bioplasma bodies to direct beams of light using vortices and magnetic fields (similar to what happens in a coaxial plasma accelerator) within the bioplasma body has already been discussed in dark plasma theory.
But, seriously, are they Real?
It is well-established in cognitive science that the world as we see it is a construction of the brain. The environment which an abductee experiences, in a similar process, is also constructed from the cognitive system of the corresponding bioplasma body. To say that our world is more real than the alternative counterpart Earth is a kind of egocentricity that was prevalent before the 15th century. Europe is not the center of the world; the Earth is not in the center of the Solar System; the Solar System is not in the center of the Milky Way; the Milky Way is not in the center of the universe nor is our universe the centre of our multiverse. If that is the case, then the biochemical brain of one species of life form, just evolved on a tiny rock in space, cannot be the sole arbiter of reality.
During the first century A.D. Europeans had very little or no contact with India, China or the Americas due to the state of technology at that point of time. Europeans had weird ideas and generated fantastic tales about these "parallel" civilizations. Some Europeans even doubted or did not know of their existence and most did not even think about them. But today we talk about a global village which comprises a multitude of nations. Today, parallel universes and parallel Earths are the new frontiers. Scientists who prefer to remain in their comfort zones - to tinker with only what they can measure with today's scientific instruments will miss the opportunity to make bold strides in understanding the multiverse - starting with the Earth itself.

Thursday, March 1, 2018

Meteorites' mechanical energy might have created building blocks of life on Earth

Did a cosmic impact kick-start amino acid formation?

It is one of the big unsolved mysteries: how did life on Earth start? Researchers in Germany are now arguing that a meteorite impact could have created the molecules that gave life its big break. Their experiments are the first to show that the mechanical energy released during an impact could have transformed simple chemicals into amino acids.1
There are various theories on how simple chemicals were transformed into amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids on ancient Earth. These include submarine hydrothermal vents 3.5 billion years ago, or volcanic activity even earlier on, during the chaotic Hadean era.
However, José Hernández from Aachen University and colleagues found that a meteorite strike could have generated the first amino acids from a few simple components. Mechanical forces and friction generated during such an event can catalyse chemical reactions – a concept exploited in mechanochemistry. Here, ingredients are ground together without any solvent or heating, usually in a ball mill.
The idea that friction between rocks could have started reactions on early Earth came to Hernández a few years ago during a holiday in Rome. ‘I was standing in front of the Coliseum. Everybody was taking pictures but I was looking at the floor and saw these very round stones,’ he recounts. He took a few of them back to Germany and found that they could replace metal milling balls in his mechanochemical experiments.2

‘There have been many studies that have shown meteorites as shuttles for material that ends up on Earth,’ Hernández says. ‘But we were interested if the mechanical energy of those landings could have activated certain chemical systems.’ The team simulated this by milling an aldehyde and an amine with potassium cyanoferrate and silicon dioxide. An hour and a half later, the reagents had converted into α-aminonitriles, precursors to amino acids.
At first, the researchers were surprised that the reaction worked at all, since it was missing one key ingredient: cyanide. Although potassium cyanoferrate is a potential source that could have existed on early Earth, it is very stable and only releases hydrogen cyanide at extreme temperatures.
‘But mechanical milling is able to challenge this high activation energy,’ enthuses Judit Å poner, who researches prebiotic chemistry at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, but wasn’t involved in the study. ‘I loved the concept,’ says Å poner. ‘The beauty is in its simplicity.’ Although accurately reproducing the whole prebiotic environment in laboratory experiments remains challenging, she adds that ‘the mechanochemical approach is a piece of the bigger picture that has never been considered before’.
Hernández and colleagues now want to see if other key prebiotic molecules, like nucleobases or cyanamide, can be made by mechanochemical means.

Ozone still declining in the lower stratosphere

An unexplained decrease in stratospheric ozone – revealed by satellite measurements – appears to have been offsetting the ozone layer’s overall recovery over the past 20 years.
The finding flies in the face of atmospheric models, which predict ozone levels in all parts of the atmosphere should be recovering in the years following the Montreal Protocol agreement which banned the use of ozone-depleting chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in 1987.
Some of the damage caused by CFC use has been reversed – for example, the infamous ozone hole over Antarctica has shrunk. But new data reveals that elsewhere this is not the case. A collection of precise satellite measurements covering the tropics and mid-latitudes – between 60° north and 60° south – from 1998 to 2016 shows that levels in the lower stratosphere have continued to decline. This is offsetting increasing levels in the upper stratosphere, and overall there has been no significant increase or decrease in the total amount of ozone since 1998.
The reasons for the decline in lower stratospheric ozone are unclear, and the international team who made the discovery say that finding out why it is happening must be a priority. Recently researchers warned that increasing use of the industrial solvent dichloromethane may be threatening ozone recovery.
What is Ozone

Ozone (O3) is a relatively unstable molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen (O). Although it represents only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere, ozone is crucial for life on Earth.
Depending on where ozone resides, it can protect or harm life on Earth. Most ozone resides in the stratosphere (a layer of the atmosphere between 10 and 40 km above us), where it acts as a shield to protect Earth's surface from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. With a weakening of this shield, we would be more susceptible to skin cancer, cataracts, and impaired immune systems. Closer to Earth in the troposphere (the atmospheric layer from the surface up to about 10 km), ozone is a harmful pollutant that causes damage to lung tissue and plants.
The amounts of "good" stratospheric and "bad" tropospheric ozone in the atmosphere depend on a balance between processes that create ozone and those that destroy it. An upset in the ozone balance can have serious consequences for life on Earth, as scientists are finding evidence that changes are occurring in ozone levels—the "bad" tropospheric ozone is increasing in the air we breathe, and the "good" stratospheric ozone is decreasing in our protective ozone layer. This article describes processes that regulate "good" ozone levels.

Robot with AI brain learns to evolve synthetic protocells

Evolution of oil-in-water system guided by machine learning offers insight into origins of life

An AI equipped robotic system that enables synthetic protocells to evolve could help unravel how complex life formed on Earth. The fully automated system, which make use of machine learning, could aid understanding of other complex chemical systems too.

Oil-in-water droplets are often used as protocell models because, while chemically simple, they can exhibit complex and cell-like behaviours, such as movement and division. However, in order to work out how specific droplet properties – including viscosity, density and surface tension – result in different behaviours, droplet formulations must be varied. The problem is that the permutations are vast, even for droplets with just four ingredients.
Now, Lee Cronin’s lab at the University of Glasgow, UK, has developed a robotic platform that makes different oil-in-water droplet formulations, analyses their behaviour, and then uses evolutionary algorithms and machine learning to predict and select behaviours. It can then evolve new and improved formulations for the next generation of droplets.

Cronin says the platform could be used to see how long it takes a system to become complex enough to have multiple co-existing traits and how these might then need to ‘invent’ a better chemical memory, akin to genetic instructions, to become life-like. ‘This would help tell us how pre-living systems were able to develop something as complex as the genomic and translation machinery of life,’ explains Cronin.
The setup uses a robot that dispenses up to six different aqueous surfactant solutions. It then mixes in four oils in varying quantities along with a dye and adds them to the surfactant solutions to form oil-in-water droplets. A camera films the droplets while image recognition software identifies, classifies and quantifies their behaviour, including movement, division and vibration.
By varying the oil and aqueous components, the team tested almost 400 random mixtures in a little under two days. Movement and division were the behaviours seen most but others included swarming, fusion, pulsing and sorting too. ‘That the droplets that were able to swarm or flock was very surprising as they had to be able to “feel” each other,’ says Cronin. ‘We suspect this is possibly due to electrostatic charging.’
With the behaviours identified, the researchers then tested the system’s ability to evolve better droplets by feeding data back to the robot via a genetic algorithm. They then ran the algorithm for 30 generations selecting for the fastest moving droplets. The end result was a droplet that was 14 times faster than its predecessors.
‘Having the entire system run autonomously was a big achievement for us,’ says Cronin. ‘It was possible to see the evolutionary process run before our eyes.’ Further analyses showed that the approach could predict droplet behaviour based on droplet composition, enabling the system to find new recipes for the rare swarming behaviour.

‘They revealed a surprising variety of different motional patterns of the droplets, which I find intriguing,’ comments Holger Stark, who studies droplet physics at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany. ‘This approach should be applicable to different chemical and physical systems.’
Cronin agrees and says materials chemists might be able to discover new materials this way. He adds that the next challenge is to make the droplets more life-like. ‘We are aiming to program the cells like a computer and also aiming to embed more complex chemistry so that a longer evolutionary run can select and yield cells that are even more life-like.’


Mechanochemistry first as reaction driven by pressure

A redox reaction triggered by squeezing a crystal results in the ejection of copper nanoparticles

Squeezing a cleverly designed crystal can trigger the creation of nanoparticles in the first example of a pressure-driven mechanochemical synthesis.1Computer models of the crystal’s structural change under pressure provide atomic-level insight into how force transforms into chemical reactivity, a process that is still a mystery for many mechanochemical reactions despite them being known about for centuries.
The first recorded instance of a mechanochemical reaction came from the ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus, who described crushing mercury sulfide and vinegar in a copper morter and pestle to produce elemental mercury. In the 19th century, Michael Faraday and M Carey Lea investigated mechanochemical reactions more carefully. Lea noticed that reagents ground together often produced products that were different from the same reaction if it was initiated using heat.
Mechanochemistry was widely applied in the 1960s to make metal alloys from insoluble components. But over the past 15 years, researchers have expanded the mechanochemical toolkit to include reactions typically performed in solution. ‘The eye-opener is that mechanochemistry is really general for many inorganic and organic reactions,’ says Stuart James at Queen’s University Belfast, who was not involved with the squeezed crystal research.
Researchers have ground ingredients together to produce metal catalysts,2 make carbon–carbon bonds and perform asymmetric organic reactions3, among other reactions. The field’s rebirth is driven largely by an interest in sustainable synthesis. As mechanochemical reactions use little to no solvent, they produce less waste than solution-based chemistry.
Along with expanding the library of mechanochemical reactions, researchers have also experimented with ways to deliver force. Industrial scale mills standardise grinding conditions, and ultrasound waves scrape solid surfaces. Stretching polymers can also snap customised bonds in the chains.
Under pressure
Instead of triggering a mechanochemical reaction by stretching a material, Nicholas Melosh, at Stanford University, and his colleagues wanted to use pressure. To do this, they created a material that directed a compressive force to particular atoms, rather than squishing all atoms in the crystal equally.
The researchers attached rigid polyhedral carborane ligands to a deformable inorganic core containing copper and sulfur and squeezed the crystal in a diamond anvil cell at pressures up to 12GPa. When they examined the pressurised material using transmission electron microscopy, they saw it contained 10nm coppernanoclusters. Heating the crystal to 400°C under vacuum to trigger a thermochemical reaction produced cuprous sulfide instead.
To better understand how pressure changed the composition of the inorganic core, the researchers modelled the material’s structure under varying amounts of force. As the pressure increased from 2 to 12GPa, the carboranes moved closer together and copper-sulfur bonds lengthened, enabling an electron transfer from sulfur to copper to produce metallic nanoparticles.
Modelling also showed why a material with larger adamantyl ligands, instead of carboranes, did not produce nanoparticles, even under a simulated 20GPa of pressure. The large adamantyl ligands have less room to move in the crystal before crashing into each other, so the copper–sulfur bonds do not elongate.
Thinking about using this material for synthesis, Melosh notes that there are easier ways to make nanoparticles. But he wonders if the idea of a ‘molecular anvil’ – trapping a soft reaction centre between two hard ligands – could be applied to difficult reactions like carbon dioxide reduction. However, one challenge of mechanochemistry is that the general principles of reactivity are not well understood. ‘To do a new reaction, we’d have to figure out how to build a material that holds a molecule in the right configuration to get enough compression,’ he says.
Researchers are starting to investigate the atomic and molecular-level mechanisms driving mechanochemical reactions, James says. He says that the modelling in this work is a nice way to get atomic insights into the mechanism of this reaction.
What is Mechanochemistry ???
Mechanochemistry or mechanical chemistry is the coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena on a molecular scale and includes mechanical breakage, chemical behaviour of mechanically stressed solids (e.g., stress-corrosion cracking or enhanced oxidation, tribologypolymer degradation under shearcavitation-related phenomena (e.g., sonochemistry and sonoluminescence), shock wave chemistry and physics, and even the burgeoning field of molecular machines. Mechanochemistry can be seen as an interface between chemistry and mechanical engineering. It is possible to synthesize chemical products by using only mechanical action. The mechanisms of mechanochemical transformations are often complex and different from usual thermal or photochemical mechanisms. The method of ball milling is a widely used process in which mechanical force is used to achieve chemical processing and transformations The special issue of Chemical Society Review (vol. 42, 2013, Issue 18) is dedicated to the theme of mechanochemistry. Fundamentals and applications ranging from nano materials to technology have been reviewed.

Mechanochemistry is radically different from the traditional way of dissolving, heating and stirring chemicals in a solution. Because it eliminates the need for many solvents, mechanochemistry could help make many chemical processes used by industry more environmentally friendly.[6] For example, the mechanochemical process has been used as an environmentally preferable way to synthesize pharmaceutically-attractive phenol hydrazones.[7]
The term mechanochemistry is sometimes confused with mechanosynthesis, which refers specifically to the machine-controlled construction of complex molecular products.[8][9]
Mechanochemical phenomena have been utilized since time immemorial, for example in making fire. The oldest method of making fire is to rub pieces of wood against each other, creating friction and hence heat, allowing the wood to undergo combustion at a high temperature. Another method involves the use of flint and steel, during which a spark (a small particle of pyrophoric metal) spontaneously combusts in air, starting fire instantaneously.

Pharmacology,,,,

Journal of pharmacology,,,                              Pharmacology is the branch of science worried about the investigation of medi...