Are Blood Transfusions Truly Necessary?

Most of us grew up with the distinct impression that donating blood is a highly humanitarian act and helps to save many people's lives. Blood transfusions are currently a standard part of the medical emergency procedure on a patient who has suffered a life-threatening trauma with loss of blood or one who awaits major surgery. However, these transfusions may not be as safe or as necess

ary as commonly believed. An increasing number of medical experts regard blood transfusions to be an outmoded, unproved, and even dangerous procedure. Yet it is still routinely used as the main method of medical intervention in emergencies - in many cases without any medical justification for its use and without guidelines as to when it should be applied.

Different parts of the blood are used for the medical procedures, including blood albumin, plasma, and whole blood or red blood cells. In its 1989 publication titled 'Blood Technologies, Services and Issues', the Office of Technology Assessment Task Force in the U.S. examined the overuse of the various blood products. It came to the conclusion that as much as 20-25 percent of the red blood cells, 90 percent of the albumin and 95 percent of the fresh-frozen plasma transfused into patients are unnecessary. This situation has not changed since the study was done.

A major Canadian study, which was published in 1998 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, revealed that fewer patients died when they were given a restricted amount of transfused blood. During the trial, 52 percent fewer transfusions were given to the restrictive group, and transfusion was avoided altogether in one-third of those patients. The death rate in the control group, which received normal, liberal amounts of blood transfusions, was 24 percent, compared with 18 percent in the restrictive transfusion group. "The bottom line is; less transfusion is better than more transfusion," said Paul Herbert, the trial's principal investigator. The restrictive transfusion strategy could effectively save one life for every 17 patients transfused.

The most common trigger for authorizing a blood transfusion for hospital patients awaiting surgery is a low hemoglobin level (hemoglobin in red blood cells is used to transport oxygen to all the other cells in the body; and red blood cells need iron to accomplish that). Women naturally have a lower red blood cell count than men but medics use the same trigger levels for both men and women. "Iron deficiency anemia continues to be among the leading reasons for transfusions, even though it rarely warrants [them]," said the U.S. Office of Technology report in its concluding statement.

The standard hemoglobin trigger-level for justifying a transfusion lies at below ten gram (g) per 100 milliliters (ml) of blood. However, this figure emerged from a misreading by a hematologist during a study of hemoglobin levels in dogs! The results of the study, which showed no established links with human physiology, became the main referential guideline for all anesthesiology students thereafter.

Dangers Lurking in the Blood

It is commonly known that diseases can be transmitted by way of blood transfusions. But apart from receiving viruses through foreign blood, patients may develop even more serious complications as a result of a transfusion. Numerous studies show that blood transfusions given to cancer patients can cause depression of their immune system leading to a high rate of recurrence and secondary cancers.

In a controlled study of patients with larynx cancer, the recurrence rate was 14 percent among those who did not receive blood transfusions compared to 65 percent among those who did. More specific research showed that half of the patients who suffered from colonic, rectal, cervical and prostate cancers and received whole blood were reported to have a recurrence compared to a quarter among those who received only red blood cells.

Blood components are routinely irradiated, supposedly to avert rejection of the foreign blood by the recipient's immune system. No studies show that this practice is harmless for the blood cells; it is simply assumed that it has no negative consequences. But knowing what we know today about the dangers of radiation, it can be equally assumed that irradiated blood cells could be hazardous to health, especially if they are given to babies and pregnant mothers.

What makes blood transfusion so risky is that there has never been a randomized, double-blind control study to demonstrate its effectiveness and safety. No scientific proof at all is available to justify its use. Like an antibiotic drug, blood transfusion may have its place as a last resort measure to save a person's life. As a standard practice, however, it not only fails to achieve the desired results, it may be doing more harm than good.

A number of studies confirmed that receiving a transfusion during an operation increases the risk of infection fourfold. Considering the high sterility of the objects and environment in operation rooms, having a blood transfusion practically takes a patient back to surgical conditions that existed over two hundred years ago, when precautions against infection didn't exist. The risk of blood infection has practically remained the same and, with the increase in antibiotic resistant organisms, actually worsened.

Genetic blood research has proven that blood, like our fingerprints, is uniquely individual, implying that it cannot be transferred to another person without risking complications. Each person's blood contains a multiplicity of antibodies, antigens, and infectious agents, most of which science has yet to identify. This makes transfusions even more risky because the majority of infectious agents contained in blood have not even been identified and can therefore not be targeted with drugs. But even if a blood-borne infection is diagnosed, it is a little too late. In the United States alone there are 230,000 new cases of hepatitis a year that are purely the result of blood transfusions. Just as in the case of the AIDS test, the screening of blood for the hepatitis C virus has turned out to be an equally futile undertaking. Most of the newly developed tests, including Riba-2 and Murex ELISA, proved wrong three-quarters of the time.

Furthermore, a blood transfusion increases a patient's risk of acquiring human T-cell leukemia tenfold when compared with contracting HIV through blood. It may also trigger unforeseeable, life-threatening allergic reactions. In patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, blood transfusion is the dominant contributing factor to organ system failure. It is more and more obvious that neither a blood transfusion nor 'pure' foreign blood is safe.

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Types, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Blood Disorders

It's really hard to ignore the role blood plays in our body. It is one of the most important living tissues made up of liquids and solids. While, the liquid part, primarily known as plasma, is made of water, salts and protein, the other half of your blood is plasma. Apart from this, the solid part of your blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Any malfunction of red blood or white blood cells can lead to various blood disorders. In fact, at times blood disorders can lead to poor blood clotting and continuous bleeding. The disorders can result from defects in the blood vessels or from abnormalities in the blood itself. Today there are various types of blood disorders that must not be ignored as each blood disease have its own complication and require proper clinical care. Here are some of most serious blood disorders and best diagnosis method that can help you in knowing and curing blood disorders:

Anemia- It is one of is the most common blood disorder that occurs when the ratio of red blood cells or concentration of hemoglobin gets reduced in the blood. Though at times anemia itself is considered as symptom of a disease rather than a disease itself, but there are few major symptoms that must not be ignored and need to taken care of, like increased heart rate (tachycardia), difficulty in catching a breath, tiring easily and frequently, yellowing of skin, eyes, and enlarged spleen or liver. It can be cured very easily. The sooner you get to know the better it may help you in curing it properly. The most common diagnostic procedures that you can follow are blood test and bone marrow aspiration and/or biopsy.

Hemolytic Anemia- Hemolytic anemia is another blood disorder in which the red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can produce them. Basically, this type of disorder can be classified into two categories:

Intrinsic- In this type of blood disorder, the destruction of the red blood cells takes place because of the fault within the red blood cells themselves.

Extrinsic- In this type of disorder, though red blood cells are developed but later it get destroyed by getting trapped in the infection, spleen, or from drugs that can affect red blood cells.

The major symptoms of this type of blood disorder are weakness, intolerance of various physical activities and dark color of urine. Apart from this, it can be diagnosed through methods like blood test, urine test and bone marrow aspiration and/or biopsy.

Thalassemia - Thalassemia is an inherited disorder that majorly affects the production of normal hemoglobin that carries oxygen to the tissues in the body. Thalassemia includes a number of different forms of anemia. However, the seriousness of this blood disorder basically depends on the number of genes that are affected. This blood disease can be easily diagnosed by blood test. Though, thalassemias also get passed on from parents to children therefore family genetic studies can also help in proper diagnose of this disease. This generally involves taking records of a family medical history and performing blood tests on family members to find out whether there are any missing or altered hemoglobin genes.

Porphyria - It is another category of blood disorder that is primarily caused due to the abnormalities that in turn leads in the production of a chemical compound called Heme. Now Heme is an important substance that is majorly produced by the body and the bone marrow and blood is the most vital content that holds the Heme. Generally, this blood disease is not easy to diagnose, but yet it can be checked by conducting a number of tests of the blood, urine and the stool.

Hemophilia - This disorder also known as hemophilia is hereditary bleeding disorder that is majorly caused by a shortage of a substance necessary for blood clotting. The lack of ability of blood to clot, or coagulate, leading to excessive bleeding, even from slight injuries is the trademark of Hemophilia. Although the density of symptoms may differ with this disease, but the disease is typical for the bleeding and typically occurs if an infant is circumcised. It can be analyzed by performing a set of blood tests.

These are some of the major blood disorders. Though each of them has its own way of analyzing or diagnosing, but each can be cured easily. All you need to do is take care of its symptoms and follow suitable curing procedure.

Find more information about causes and treatment of various blood diseases and blood disorders at Peoples-Health.com. This is a leading and reliable online health information portal. Also get information about health nutrition guide & physical fitness tips visit Fuelthemind.com

Non-Invasive Blood Pressure in Mice and Rats

Over the past 20 years, research scientists have attempted to non-invasively measure mice and rat blood pressure (BP) with varying degrees of success.
The ability to accurately and non-invasively measure the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in addition to the heart pulse rate and other blood flow parameters in rodents, is of great clinical value to the researcher.

Invasive Blood Pressure, Rat and Mouse Measurement

Direct blood pressure, an invasive surgical procedure, is the gold standard to compare the accuracy of non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) technologies. Direct blood pressure should be obtained on the rodent's carotid artery when comparing to NIBP. "Validation in Awake Rats of a Tail Cuff Method for Measuring Systolic Pressure", Bunag, R.D., Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 34, Pgs 279-282, 1973.

Radiotelemetry, a highly invasive surgical procedure, is a very reliable blood pressure technology and is also utilized to compare the accuracy of NIBP technologies. Telemetry involves the implantation of radio transmitters in the rodent's body. This technique is well validated and has excellent correlation with direct blood pressure.

The advantage of implantable radio telemetry is the ability to continuously measure rat and mouse blood pressure in free moving laboratory animals.

The disadvantages of radiotelemetry are: (1) morbidity associated with the initial surgical implantation of the transmitter; (2) morbidity associated with surgery required to replace the battery, which has a short battery life; (3) increase in the animal's level of stress, especially mice, in relationship to the large, heavy transmitters (2004, ATLA, 4th World Congress, Einstein, Billing, Singh and Chin); (4) abnormal behavior since the animal cannot have social interaction due to the current technology requiring the implanted animal to be isolated, one animal per cage; (5) inability to perform high throughput screening; (6) high cost of the initial equipment set-up and the expensive transmitters that require frequent factory maintenance; (7) cost of material and human resources relating to ongoing surgeries; and (8) the lack of a competitive market resulting in high product and servicing costs.

Non-Invasive Blood Pressure, Rat and Mouse Measurement

The NIBP methodology consists of utilizing a tail cuff placed on the tail to occlude the blood flow. Upon deflation, one of several types of NIBP sensors, placed distal to the occlusion cuff, can be utilized to monitor the rat BP. There are three (3) types of NIBP sensor technologies: photoplethysmography, piezoplethysmography and Volume Pressure Recording. Each method will utilize an occlusion tail-cuff as part of the procedure.

1. Photoplethysmography

The first and oldest sensor type is Photoplethysmography (PPG), a light-based technology. The purpose is to record the first appearance of the pulse while deflating the occlusion cuff or the disappearance of pulses upon inflation of the occlusion cuff. Photoplethysmography utilizes an incandescent or LED light source to record the pulse signal wave. As such, this light-based plethysmographic method uses the light source to illuminate a small spot on the tail and attempts to record the pulse.

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is relatively inaccurate since the readings are based solely on the amplitude of a single pulse and can only imprecisely measure the systolic blood pressure and the heart beat. There are many limitations to a light-based technology, such as: (1) over-saturation of the BP signal by ambient light; (2) extreme sensitivity to the rodent's movement (motion artifact); and (3) the difficulty in obtaining adequate mice blood pressure signals in dark skinned rodents (Pigmentation Differentiation). Light-based sensors also cause tail burns from close contact and prolonged exposure.

Diastolic blood pressure cannot be measured by photoplethysmography since the technology records only the first appearance of the pulse. If the diastolic BP is displayed on the photoplethysmographic instrumentation, it is only an estimation that is calculated by a software algorithm rather than a true measurement.

Additional variability and inaccuracy occurs in PPG devices that rely on obtaining readings during occlusion cuff inflation.

Occlusion cuff length is also another source of variability and inaccuracy. Occlusion cuff length is inversely related to the accuracy of the blood pressure. Long cuffs, predominantly in most photoplethysmographic devices, record lower than the actual blood pressure measurements.

These limitations severely compromise the consistency, dependability and accuracy of the NIBP measurements obtained by devices that utilize light-based/LED photoplethysmographic technology.

The photoplethysmography method correlates poorly with direct blood pressure measurements and is the least recommended sensor technology for NIBPe in rodents, especially mice.

2. Piezoplethysmography

The second NIBP sensor technology is piezoplethys-mography. Piezoplethysmography and photoplethysmography require the same first appearance of a pulse in the tail to record the systolic blood pressure and heart rate.

Both plethysmographic methods have similar clinical limitations. Whereas photoplethysmography uses a light source to attempt to record the pulse signal, piezoplethysmography utilizes piezoelectric ceramic crystals to do the same. From a technical point of view, piezoplethysmography is far more sensitive than photoplethysmography since the signal from the sensor is the rate of change of the pulse rather than just the pulse amplitude. Therefore, even extremely small mice with high velocity pulses will generate a sufficient signal to be detected with simple amplifiers.

Piezoelectric sensors are more accurate than light-based/LED sensors but the same plethysmographic limitations continue to produce inaccuracies in blood pressure measurements. On a positive note, the skin pigment of the rodent is not a measurement issue with piezoplethysmography as with photoplethysmography.

Although piezoplethysmography is better than photoplethysmography, both non-invasive tail-cuff blood pressure technologies correlate poorly with direct blood pressure measurements.

3. Volume Pressure Recording

The third sensor technology is Volume Pressure Recording (VPR). The Volume Pressure Recording sensor utilizes a specially designed differential pressure transducer to non-invasively measure the blood volume in the tail. Volume Pressure Recording will actually measure six (6) blood pressure parameters simultaneously: systolic, diastolic, mean, heart pulse rate, tail blood volume and tail blood flow.

Since Volume Pressure Recording utilizes a volumetric method to measure the blood flow and blood volume in the tail, there are no measurement artifacts related to ambient light; movement artifact is also greatly reduced. In addition, Volume Pressure Recording is not dependent on the animal's skin pigmentation. Dark-skinned animals have no negative effect on Volume Pressure Recording measurements. Very small, 10-gram C57/BL6 black mice are easily measured by the Volume Pressure Recording method.

Special attention is afforded to the length of the occlusion cuff with Volume Pressure Recording in order to derive the most accurate blood pressure readings.

Volume Pressure Recording is the most reliable, consistent and accurate method to non-invasively measure the blood pressure in mice as small as 10 grams to rats greater than 950 grams.

In an independent clinical validation study conducted in 2003 at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, Volume Pressure Recording correlated 99 percent with direct blood pressure:

"Volume Pressure Recording is excellent. It is very accurate and dependable. We performed experiments on temperature-controlled, adult rats and the non-invasive blood pressure measurements showed almost perfect correlation with invasive blood pressure measurements. We are very pleased with the results."

Numerous published research papers are available validating the accuracy, reliability and consistency of Volume Pressure Recording. See the Clinical Bibliography section.

Analgesic drugs

Disclaimer :
My dear friends the information given below is only general information and is not intended to replace medical advice. Individual circumstances may vary and you are requested to go as per presiciption given by doctor Analgesics (pain relievers) Analgesic are commonly known as pain reliever they are medications designed to relieve the symptoms of pain. There are a number of different groups of analgesics:

1. Simple analgesics Analgesic, any drug that relieves pain selectively without blocking the conduction of nerve impulses, markedly altering sensory perception, or affecting consciousness. This selectivity is an important distinction between an analgesic and an anesthetic.
 2. Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) 3. Opioids (opium or morphine –like activity) There are many different drugs in each group as well as frequent additions, but examples of the most commonly used are: 1. Simple analgesics such as: Ex. Paracetamol (tab 50 mg) Aspirin ( tab 75 mg, 150 mg) 2. Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as: Ex. Ibuprofen ( tab 400 mg) Diclofenac Sodium (tab 50 mg) Naproxen Sodium ( tab 250mg) 3. Weaker opioids such as: Combinations including codeine Ex Tramadol hydrochloride (tab 50mg) 4. Stronger opioids such as: Ex Morphine sulphate Oxycodone Pethidine hydrochloride Tolerance and dependency Most people can take the simple analgesics and NSAIDS without developing a dependency on these drugs. With opioids, in the longer term, however, people may develop a tolerance to the medications resulting in a reduction of efficacy. With tolerance comes breakthrough withdrawal, which can be worse than the pain which occasioned the use of analgesics initially. A typical example of this is analgesic rebound headaches which can result in the patient taking more pills to reduce the ever increasing pain – resulting in a chronic headache which becomes difficult to treat. Chronic pain of any type is difficult to treat because of the effect of tolerance. It is considered that all long term users of opioids will develop physical dependence and it is, therefore essential that the amount of medication is not increased beyond certain limits. Some important facts Paracetamol – in recommended daily doses, even used long term, it is relatively harmless. In large doses it is harmful to the liver and kidneys and in rare cases can cause heart failure. It also has the potential to damage auditory nerves. Aspirin – is not recommended for children, pregnant women, asthmatics or those susceptible to stomach ulcers. In large doses it can be harmful to the kidneys. NSAIDS – in people already at risk, large doses can increase the risk of life-threatening heart or circulation problems, including heart attack or stroke. Prolonged use increases this risk. With prolonged use, there is potential for serious harm to the gastrointestinal system, including ulcers, bleeding or perforation. These conditions can be fatal and gastrointestinal effects can occur without warning at any time while taking NSAIDS. Older adults may have an even greater risk of these serious gastrointestinal side effects. Aspirin is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from conditions such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches. It may also be used to reduce pain and swelling in conditions such as arthritis. Aspirin is known as a salicylate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by blocking a certain natural substance in your body to reduce pain and swelling. Consult your doctor before treating a child younger than 12 years. Your doctor may direct you to take a low dose of aspirin to prevent blood clots. This effect reduces the risk of stroke and heart attack. If you have recently had surgery on clogged arteries (such as bypass surgery, carotid endarterectomy, coronary stent), your doctor may direct you to use aspirin in low doses as a "blood thinner" to prevent blood clots. How to use Analgesic Tablet If you are taking this medication for self-treatment, follow all directions on the product package. If you are uncertain about any of the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist. If your doctor has directed you to take this medication, take it exactly as prescribed.

Blood Donation

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Blood donation is a major concern to the society as donated blood is lifesaving for individuals who need it. Blood is scarce. There is a shortage to active blood donors to meet the need of increased blood demand. Blood donation as a therapeutic exercise. Globally, approximately 80 million units of blood are donated each year. One of the biggest challenges to blood safety particularly is accessing safe and adequate quantities of blood and blood products. Safe supply of blood and blood components is essential, to enable a wide range of critical care procedures to be carried out in hospitals. Good knowledge about blood donation practices is not transforming in donating blood. Interactive awareness on blood donation should be organized to create awareness and opportunities for blood donation. Blood donation could be therefore recommended that voluntary blood donations as often as possible may be therapeutically beneficial to the donors in terms of thrombotic complications and efficient blood flow mechanisms. This is also a plus for blood donation campaigns

A blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions and/or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation (separation of whole-blood components). Donation may be of whole-blood (WB), or of specific components directly (the latter called apheresis). Blood banks often participate in the collection process as well as the procedures that follow it. During Blood Donation the assistance of a nanurse is reqired to take caer of the person who has donated blood.

Importance of Blood Donation

Blood donation is one of the most significant contribution that a person can make towards the society. It is not harmful for an adult person to donate blood. The body of the donor can regenerate the blood within few days. It poses no threat to the metabolism of the body.

An ailing body needs blood for various reasons. He may be attacked with anemia, undergone an operation or may meet with an accident. But such a patient may die for want of blood as it is not always available. Even a pregnant mother may need blood in case of emergency situation.

The patient needs blood or his or her group of blood whenever necessary. It is another important thing. Blood has four groups namely, A. B, AB and O. The required group must be the same while transplanting otherwise the transplantation will go in vain and even the patient may die. The man with the O-group blood is called the universal donor as the people having others can accept it. On the contrary, the man with AB group of blood is called the universal receiver as he can accept all groups of blood.

Blood can be stored for a limited period of time that is why the blood banks need a steady and constant collection.

Nowadays a public awareness is noticed to donate blood. Many clubs, colleges, societies, offices, etc. organize blood donation camps on different occasions. It is a healthy gesture. We must keep this aptitude up at any cost. Our blood banks are running short of required blood. By organizing such blood donation camps we may help them to enrich their capacity.

However, it is very important that while taking blood from a certain person the concerned authority must make sure the the blood is not infected.

Blood donation is our human duty. Our body does not get affected if we donate blood. The body can repair the loss within a few days. So we must come forward to donate blood as it can make sure the return of a dying man again into the light of life.

Journal of Blood & Lymph

Journal of Blood & Lymph

the most cited peer-reviewed publication in the field of hematology. It provides an international forum for the publication of original articles describing basic laboratory, translational, and clinical investigations in hematology. The journal covers all aspects of hematology, including disorders of leukocytes, both benign and malignant, erythrocytes, platelets, hemostatic mechanisms, vascular biology, immunology, and hematologic oncology.

This journal ensures the barrier-free distribution of its content through online open access and thus helps in improving the citations for authors and attaining a good impact factor. The journal is using Editorial Tracking System for quality in peer-review process. Editorial Tracking is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems. Review processing is performed by the editorial board members of Journal of Blood & Lymph or outside experts; at least two independent reviewers approval followed by editor approval is required for acceptance of any citable manuscript. Authors may submit manuscripts and track their progress through the system, hopefully to publication. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions to the editor. Editors can manage the whole submission/review/revise/publish process.

T-cell Lymphomas

T-cell lymphomas are approximately 15% of all NHLs in the United States. A similar lymphocyte called a natural killer (NK) cell shares many features with T-cells. When NK cells become cancerous, the cancer is called NK or NK/T-cell lymphoma and is generally grouped with other T-cell lymphomas. There are many different forms of T-cell lymphomas, some of which are extremely rare. T-cell lymphomas can be aggressive (fast-growing) or indolent (slow-growing).
Related Journals of T-cell Lymphomas
Blood, Blood Disorders & Transfusion, Bone Marrow Research, Cancer Clinical Trials, Leukemia, Leukemia and Lymphoma, Leukemia Research, Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma and Leukemia, Leukemia Research Reports, Journal of Leukemia and Lymphoma.

Blood

Blood is a bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. One unit of blood contains three components- Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets and Plasma. Blood cells are produced in bone marrow. Plasma carries blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen.
Related Journals of Blood 
Thrombosis and Circulation: Open Access, Bone Marrow Research, Blood Disorders & Transfusion, Blood, Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology, Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Blood, Blood and Lymphatic Cancer: Targets and Therapy, Blood Cancer Journal, Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases, Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis, Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Blood Purification, Blood Reviews, Blood Weekly.

Haematologist

Hematology is the study of blood in health and disease. It includes problems with the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood vessels, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and the proteins involved in bleeding and clotting. A hematologist is a medical doctor who applies this specialized knowledge to treat patients with blood conditions.
Related Journals of Haematologist
Thrombosis and Circulation: Open Access, Surgery [Jurnalul de Chirurgie], Vascular Medicine & Surgery, Leukemia, Abstracts in Hematology & Oncology, American Journal of Hematology, Annals of Hematology, ASH Education Program Book, Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology & Hematology, Clinical Advances in Hematology and Oncology, Comparative Hematology International, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, Current Opinion in Hematology, Current Studies in Hematology & Blood Transfusion, Experimental Hematology, Experimental Hematology & Oncology, Expert Review of Hematology, Haematologica / The Hematology Journal, Hematology.

Factor XIII

Factor XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor is an enzyme and the blood coagulation system that crosslinks fibrin. Factor XIII is a transglutaminase that circulates in the plasma as a heterotetramer of two catalytic A subunits and two carrier B subunits. When thrombin has converted fibrinogen to fibrin, the latter forms a proteinaceous network where every E-unit is crosslinked to only one D-unit.
Related Journals of Factor XIII
Blood, Blood Disorders & Transfusion,, Bone Marrow Research, Cancer Clinical Trials, Plasma Medicine, Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Plasma Physics Reports, Plasma Processes and Polymers, Plasma Science and Technology, Plasma Sources Science and Technology, Plasma Therapy and Transfusion Technology, Plasmas & Ions, Plasmas and Polymers, The Open Plasma Physics Journal.

Myeloma

Myeloma, also known as multiple myeloma, is a cancer arising from plasma cells, a type of white blood cell which is made in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the ‘spongy’ material found in the centre of the larger bones in the body. The bone marrow is where all the blood cells are made. Multiple myeloma is diagnosed with blood tests, bone marrow examination, urine protein electrophoresis, and X-rays of commonly involved bones.

Related Journals of Myeloma
Journal of Blood & Lymph, Blood, Blood Disorders & Transfusion,, Bone Marrow Research, Cancer Clinical Trials, Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research Today, Clinical Leukemia, Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia, Hematology and Leukemia, Leukemia.

Blood Clots

Blood clots are clumps that occur when blood converts from a liquid to solid state. A blood clot that forms inside one of your veins or arteries is called a thrombus. A thrombus may also form in the heart. A thrombus that breaks, loose and travels from one location in the body to another is called an embolus. Blood must flow continuously and smoothly for an entire lifetime, but quickly form a blood clot when bleeding occurs. Blood achieves this through complex interactions between substances in blood and the blood vessel walls.
Related Journals of Blood Clots
Journal of Blood & Lymph,Vascular Medicine & Surgery, Leukemia, Insights in Blood Pressure, Hypertension: Open Access, Hypo & Hyperglycemia, Blood and Lymphatic Cancer: Targets and Therapy, Blood Cancer Journal, Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases, Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis, Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Blood Purification, Blood Reviews, Blood Weekly.

Leukemia Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of leukaemia are fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, anaemia, shortness of breath, paleness., palpitations (rapid heartbeat) weakness, bleeding. Widespread bruising, frequent or severe nose bleeds, Bleeding gums, frequent infections, lungs, urinary tract, gums.

Related Journals of Leukemia Symptoms
Journal of Blood & LymphBlood, Blood Disorders & Transfusion, Bone Marrow Research, Cancer Clinical Trials, Leukemia Journals, Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia, Leukemia Research, Leukemia Research Reports, Leukemia - Nature, Leukemia & Lymphoma, Informa Healthcare, Journal of Leukemia and Lymphoma, Leukemia Research and Treatment.

Sickle Cell Trait

Sickle Cell Trait is a relatively mild condition caused by the presence of a single gene forsickle-cell anaemia, producing a smaller amount of abnormal haemoglobin and conferring some resistance to malaria. Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder in which there is a single amino acid substitution in the haemoglobin protein of the red blood cells, causing them to assume a sickle shape, especially when under low oxygen tension.
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Journal of Blood & Lymph, Thrombosis and Circulation: Open Access, Surgery [Jurnalul de Chirurgie], Vascular Medicine & Surgery, Leukemia, Haemophilia, International Journal of Hematology, Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, Annals of Hematology, Thrombosis Research, Hematological Oncology.

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called as plasma cell. Plasma cells helps you fight infections by making antibodies that recognize and attack germs. Multiple myeloma causes cancer cells to accumulate in the bone marrow, where they crowd out healthy blood cells. Apart from producing helpful antibodies, the cancercells produce abnormal proteins that can cause kidney problems.

Related Journals of Multiple Myeloma
Journal of Blood & Lymph,Leukemia, Insights in Blood Pressure, Hypertension: Open Access, Hypo & Hyperglycemia, Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia, Hematology and Leukemia, Leukemia, Leukemia and Lymphoma, Leukemia Research, Leukemia Supplements, The Open Leukemia Journal.

Blood Cancer Symptoms

Breast changes, Bloating, between period bleeding, skin changes, blood in your pee or stool, changes in lymph nodes, trouble swallowing, weight loss without trying, heart burn, mouth changes, fever, fatigue, cough, pain, belly pain and depression are the symptoms of blood cancer. One of the most common symptoms of lymphoma includes swollen lymphatic node because this cancer mainly revolves around the lymphatic cells. The swelling is mostly painless in nature.
Related Journals of Blood Cancer Symptoms
Journal of Blood & Lymph,Bone Marrow Research, Cancer Clinical Trials, Thrombosis and Circulation: Open Access, Academic Journal of Cancer Research, Advances in Breast Cancer Research,m Advances in Cancer Research, Advances in Tumor Virology, American Journal of Cancer Research, American Journal of Clinical Oncology, Annals of Cancer Research and Therapy.